Ubwiza bw'imigozi y'ibinyabutabire bugaragaza ibipimo bigaragaza agaciro k'ibicuruzwa by'imigozi.
Ibipimo by'imiterere y'umubiri: harimo uburebure bwa fibre, ubugari, ubucucike, ubwiza, uburyo bwo kwinjiza ubushuhe, imiterere y'ubushyuhe, imiterere y'amashanyarazi, n'ibindi.
Ibipimo by'imiterere y'imashini: harimo imbaraga zo kuvunika, uburebure bwo kuvunika, modulus y'ibanze, ubushobozi bwo kwihanganira, kurwanya guhindagurika kenshi, n'ibindi.
Ibipimo by'imiterere y'ubudahangarwa: harimo ubudahangarwa mu bushyuhe buri hejuru n'ubuke, ubudahangarwa mu rumuri n'ikirere, ubudahangarwa mu binyabutabire, ubudahangarwa mu mikorobe, n'ibindi.
Ibipimo by'imiterere y'ibicuruzwa: harimo guhuza fibre, imiterere yo gushyushya ibintu idahinduka, ubushobozi bwo gusiga irangi, n'ibindi.
Ibindi bipimo by'ubuziranenge ku migozi y'ibanze: harimo uburebure bwa fibre, ingano y'imigozi, inenge za fibre, nibindi.
1. Ubuziranenge
Ubunini bw'imigozi bugaragaza ubunini bw'imigozi, bugabanyijemo ibipimo bitaziguye n'ibipimo bitaziguye. Ibipimo bitaziguye muri rusange bigaragazwa n'umurambararo wa fibre n'agace kayo. Kubera ko ibice bya fibre bitameze neza kandi bigoye gupima, ibipimo bitaziguye ntibikunze gukoreshwa mu gusobanura ubunini; ibipimo bitaziguye rero bikoreshwa cyane. Ibipimo bitaziguye bigenwa hashingiwe ku buremere bwa fibre cyangwa uburebure, ni ukuvuga uburemere bwa fibre ku burebure butaziguye (sisitemu y'uburebure butaziguye) cyangwa uburebure bwa fibre ku buremere butaziguye (sisitemu y'uburemere butaziguye). Mu nganda za fibre, ubunini bukunze kugaragazwa n'ubucucike bugororotse, ni ukuvuga uburemere kuri buri gice cy'uburebure bwa fibre. Imvugo eshatu zisanzwe zigaragazwa hano hepfo:
1.1 Tex cyangwa dtex
Tex na decitex (dtex) ni ibice bya SI. Tex: uburemere muri garama za fibre ya metero 1000 z'uburebure. Kimwe cya cumi cya tex ni decitex (dtex). Kubera ko fibre ari nziza, agaciro ka tex ni gato, bityo decitex ikoreshwa cyane mu kunoza fibre.
Ku migozi y’ubwoko bumwe (ubucucike buhoraho), uko umubare wa tex uba muke, uko fibre imwe iba nto, uko ikiganza cyoroha, uko urumuri rurushaho kuba rworoshye, kandi byoroshye guhindura no gutunganya.
1.2 Umuhakana
Denier isobanurwa nk'uburemere muri garama za fibre ya metero 9000 z'uburebure. Ku fibre z'ubwoko bumwe, denier yo hasi bivuze fibre imwe nziza. Denier ni igice kitemewe n'amategeko cy'ubucucike bw'umurongo. 1 den = 9 tex.
Umubare wa 1.3 w'ibipimo (Nm)
Umubare wa metric, mu magambo make asobanura umubare wa metric, yerekeza ku burebure bwa fibre muri metero kuri garama imwe y'uburemere bwa fibre. Ku fibre z'ubwoko bumwe, umubare munini werekana fibre nto. Umubare wa metric ni igice kitemewe cy'ubucucike bw'umurongo.
Imibanire hagati y’abantu babiri:
Umuhakanyi × Umubare w'ibipimo = 9000
Umubare w'imibare y'imibare y'inyuguti × Metric = 1000
Umuhakanyi = 9 × Tex
dtex = 10 × Tex
2. Ubucucike
Ubucucike bwa fibre bivuze uburemere kuri buri gice cy’ingano ya fibre, igipimo: g/cm³. Ubucucike bwa fibre buratandukanye bitewe n’ubwoko. Mu binyabutabire bikomeye, fibre ya polypropylene ifite ubucucike buke cyane, mu gihe fibre ya viscose ifite ubucucike bwinshi cyane.
3. Kumenya ubushuhe
Gufata ubushuhe bwa fibre bivuga ubushobozi bwo gufata amazi mu bihe bisanzwe (20 ℃, 65% by'ubushuhe). Ibipimo bibiri birakoreshwa:
Kugarura Ubushuhe: ikigereranyo cy'uburemere bw'amazi buri muri fibre n'uburemere bw'ifuru yumye.
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Ubushyuhe: igipimo cy'uburemere bw'amazi buri muri fibre n'uburemere bw'ibinyomoro bitose.
Ubushyuhe =
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Uburyo bwo kwinjiza amazi mu myenda butandukanye cyane bitewe n’ubwoko bwa fibre, kandi bunatandukana bitewe n’ubushyuhe n’ubushuhe bw’ikirere. Ku bijyanye no gupima no gutanga ibiciro, uburyo bumwe bwo kwinjiza amazi mu myenda busobanurwa nk’uburyo bwemewe bwo kwinjiza amazi mu myenda.
Imigozi karemano n'imigozi yavuguruwe bigira ubushuhe bwinshi bwo kongera kugaruka; imigozi ya sintetike igaragaza ubushuhe buke bwo kongera kugaruka. Muri byo, fibre ya polypropylene, fibre ya polyvinyl chloride na fibre ya polyethylene nta bushuhe bwo kongera kugaruka.
Gufata ubushuhe bigira ingaruka ku gutunganya no gutanga serivisi. Fibre zifite ubushuhe bwiza zigabanya gukururana no kudahindagurika kw'amashanyarazi kandi zigatanga ihumure. Ku fibre za sintetike zifite ubushuhe buke, uburyo bwo kuzihindura bushobora kongera ubushobozi bwazo bwo kuzitunganya.
4. Imiterere y'ingufu zo gukurura
Fibre zihura n'ubushyuhe, uburibwe, uburibwe, uburibwe no guhindagurika mu gihe cyo gukora, bigatera uburibwe butandukanye. Uburibwe ni imbaraga nyamukuru zo hanze zikoreshwa ku fibre za shimi; imikorere yo guhindagurika nayo ifitanye isano n'imiterere yo gukurura. Kubwibyo, imiterere yo gukurura ni imiterere y'ingenzi cyane ya fibre. Ibipimo bitatu by'ingenzi ni ugucika intege, gucika intege no gutangira gukora neza.
4.1 Guca intege
Ingufu zikoreshwa cyane mu gucika kw'imigozi: igipimo cy'umutwaro ntarengwa utwarwa na fibre kugeza igihe icitse munsi y'umutwaro ukomeza kwiyongera kugeza ku bucucike bw'imigozi. Ibice: N/tex, cN/tex.
Ingufu zo gucika ni ikimenyetso cy'ingenzi cy'ubwiza. Ingufu zo gucika cyane zigabanya gucika kw'inkombe no gupfunyika kw'imizingo mu gihe cyo gutunganya, kandi zikongera uburambe bw'ubudodo n'imyenda. Ariko, gukomera cyane byongera ubukana bw'imigozi no gukomera kw'intoki.
Imbaraga zipimwa mu gihe cyumye ni imbaraga zumutse; imbaraga zipimwa mu gihe cyumye ni imbaraga zumutse. Fibre zifite ubushuhe bwinshi zigarura ubushuhe zifite imbaraga nke zumutse ugereranyije n'imbaraga zumutse. Imyenda myinshi ya sintetike ifite ubushuhe buke bugarura ubushuhe, bityo imbaraga zayo zumutse zigera hafi cyangwa zingana n'imbaraga zumutse.
4.2 Guca Uburebure
Kugabanya ubugari ni ukureshya mu gihe cyo gucika, ni ukuvuga kwiyongera kw'uburebure bwa fibre mu gihe cyo gucika ugereranyije n'uburebure bw'umwimerere.
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— uburebure bw'umwimerere bwa fibre
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— uburebure bwa fibre mu gihe cyo kuruhuka
Kugabanya uburebure bw'imyenda bigaragaza gukomera kwa fibre. Ku myenda y'imyenda, uburebure bwinshi butuma intoki zoroha kandi imigozi igabanuka kandi igabanuka mu buryo bwo gutunganya; nyamara uburebure bwinshi butera kwangirika kw'imyenda. Ku myenda yo mu rwego rw'inganda, uburebure buke bufasha ibikoresho byarangiye kwanga kwangirika.
4.3 Uburyo bw'ibanze bwo gukora
Modulus y'ibanze, na modulus yoroshye, ni umuvuduko usabwa kugira ngo fibre igere kuri 1% by'uburebure bwayo bw'umwimerere.
Igaragaza ubushobozi bwo kudahinduka kw'imyenda mu gihe cy'impinduka nto, kandi igaragaza ubukana bw'imyenda mu gihe cyo gukurura cyangwa gupfunyika mu myenda. Uburyo bwo hejuru bw'imyenda busobanura ubushobozi bwo kurwanya ububobere. Mu myenda ikomeye ya sintetike, fibre ya polyester ifite uburyo bwo hejuru bw'imyenda, igakurikirwa na fibre ya acrylic; fibre ya polyamide igaragaza agaciro gato. Kubera iyo mpamvu, imyenda ya polyester ifite imiterere ikomeye kandi irwanya iminkanyari, mu gihe imyenda ya polyamide ipfa iminkanyari byoroshye kandi ifite imiterere mibi.
5. Gukomera ku buhanga
Ubushobozi bwo gusubirana ubushyuhe (elastic recovery) ni ubushobozi bw'ikintu bwo gusubiza imiterere yacyo ya mbere nyuma yo gukuraho umutwaro wo hanze cyangwa umutwaro wo gukanda. Guhinduka kw'umutwaro bigizwe n'ibice bitatu: guhinduka kw'ubushyuhe bw'ingufu ako kanya, guhinduka kw'ubushyuhe bwinshi n'ingufu za pulasitiki. Uku guhinduka gutatu gukura icyarimwe aho kuba uko bikurikirana, bitandukanye gusa mu muvuduko.
Nyuma yo gukuraho imizigo, guhindagurika kw'amabara y'ubururu bishobora kugaruzwa ako kanya hamwe n'igice cy'ihindagurika ry'ubururu rikabije hamwe n'igihe gito cyo kuruhuka (gusubirana byihuse) bigaruka vuba. Guhindagurika gusigaye birimo guhindagurika kw'ubururu rikabije hamwe n'igihe kirekire cyo kuruhuka (gusubirana byihuse) hamwe n'ihindagurika rya pulasitiki ridasubirwaho. Guhindagurika guto kw'amabara y'ubururu bigaragaza ko fibre ishobora gukomera.
6. Kudakurikiza amategeko agenga uburinganire
Ubusumbane bw'ubusumbane busobanura ubusumbane bw'ubusinga, bugaragazwa nk'agaciro ka CV (coefficient of variation) cyangwa Uster%. Iki kimenyetso ni ingenzi cyane ku budodo bw'ubudodo n'ubudodo bukururwa. Ubusumbane bw'ubudodo butaringaniye butuma ubudodo bucikagurika kandi burahinduka mu buryo butangana mu gutunganya ubudodo.
7. Ingano y'ubukonje (cyane cyane ku migozi y'ingenzi)
Crimp ishyirwa mu nsinga binyuze mu kuvura hakoreshejwe imiti, ikoranabuhanga cyangwa imashini.
Intego yo gufunga: kunoza uburyo fibre ihurirana, kongera ubunini no guhindagurika, kugira ngo imyenda igaragare neza kandi ikomeze gushyuha.
Ibipimo byo kugaragaza imiterere y'umugozi w'ibishishwa bya staple biravugwa hano hasi.
8. Amazi abira aragabanuka
Kugabanuka kw'amazi abira ni igipimo cy'uburebure bwa fibre nyuma yo kubira mu mazi ashyushye mu gihe cy'iminota 30 ugereranije n'uburebure bw'umwimerere.
Igaragaza urwego rw'ubushyuhe bwa fibre n'uburyo ihagaze neza. Kugabanuka k'amazi abira bivuze ko imiterere yayo ihamye kurushaho. Fibre zigumana ingano kandi zirwanya kwangirika kw'ibimera mu gihe cy'ubushyuhe bukabije nko gusiga irangi no kumesa, hamwe n'imiterere myiza ya mashini n'iyakoreshwa mu gusiga irangi. Kugabanuka k'amazi abira bigenzurwa n'ibipimo by'uburyo bwo gushyiraho ubushyuhe.
9. Imikorere y'ubushyuhe
Imikorere y'umuriro igaragaza uburyo insinga zitwika mu kirere byoroshye. Uburyo bwo gupima bwemewe ku rwego mpuzamahanga ni Limit Oxygen Index (LOI). LOI ni igipimo gito cya ogisijeni mu kirere kivanze na azote gituma insinga zitwika umuriro zikomeza kwaka nyuma yo kuva aho umuriro ucaniriye.
Ishyirwa mu byiciro rya fibre hakurikijwe LOI:
Insinga zishya / zishobora gushya vuba: LOI ＜ 21%
Insinga zirinda umuriro: LOI ＞ 21%
Insinga zirinda umuriro: LOI ＞ 26%
Insinga nyinshi zisanzwe za shimi zifite LOI iri munsi ya 21% kandi ni iz'insinga zishya cyangwa zishobora gushya byoroshye.
Ubushakashatsi bwinshi mu gihugu mu mahanga bwakozwe ku guhindura insinga z’ibinyabutabire bigabanya umuriro. Uburyo bw’ingenzi burimo kopolimeri, kuvanga no gutunganya ubuso. Ibigize fosifore y’umwimerere, ibigize halogen y’umwimerere cyangwa uruvange rwabyo byinjizwa mu nsinga cyangwa mu myenda.
10. Ubudahangarwa ku gushwanyagurika
Fibre n'ibicuruzwa byazo birasaza bitewe no guhindagurika kw'ibintu mu gihe cyo gutunganya no gutanga serivisi. Ubudahangarwa bw'ibice bivuga ubushobozi bwa fibre bwo kwihanganira kwangirika.
Ubudahangarwa bw'imyenda bufitanye isano rya bugufi no kuramba kwayo, kandi ni ikimenyetso cy'ingenzi cy'imikorere y'imyenda y'imyenda. Igira ingaruka ku miterere ya fibre macromolecular, imiterere ya supramolecular, uburebure bwayo bugabanuka, ubunararibonye n'ibindi bintu.
Urukurikirane rw'imigozi isanzwe irwanya kwangirika:
Fibre ya Polyamide ＞ Fibre ya Polypropylene ＞ Fibre ya Polyvinyl alcohol ＞ Fibre ya Polyethylene ＞ Fibre ya Polyester ＞ Fibre ya Acrylic ＞ Fibre ya Polyvinyl chloride ＞ Ubwoya ＞ Ipamba ＞ Ramie ＞ Fibre ya Polynosic ＞ Fibre ya Cuprammonium ＞ Fibre ya Viscose ＞ Fibre ya Acetate ＞ Fibre y'ikirahure
11. Ubudahangarwa bw'urumuri n'ihindagurika ry'ikirere
Ubudahangarwa ku zuba n'ikirere, byitwa kandi ubudahangarwa ku gihe, bipima ubushobozi bwa fibre bwo kurwanya impinduka mu miterere y'ikirere ziterwa n'ikirere.
Ubudahangarwa bw'urumuri busobanura kugumana imiterere ya mekanike igihe urumuri rumuritse. Gukomera mu kirere bivuga kudahangarwa no kwangirika, guhindagurika kw'izuba no guhinduka ibara bitewe n'ingaruka z'urumuri, ogisijeni, ubushyuhe n'ubushuhe mu gihe kirekire.
Ubudahangarwa bw'urumuri rw'imitsi ya shimi bufitanye isano n'imiterere y'ibice bya macromolecular, imigozi y'uruhererekane rw'ingenzi, imiterere y'imiyoboro ihuza, ingufu z'impinduka z'udutsiko tw'amatsinda ya molekile, imiterere y'imiterere y'imitsi, ndetse n'ubukana bw'urumuri, igihe imirasire imara n'uburebure bw'umuraba.
Impinduka mu miterere y’ikirere ziterwa ahanini n’izuba n’umwuka wa ogisijeni wo mu kirere. Kunoza ubushobozi bwo kurwanya urumuri no kudahindagurika mu kirere byongera ubushobozi bwo gufotora no kudahindagurika mu kirere.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Kanama-31-2026